Preventing Falls in the Elderly Free Essays

Forestalling Falls in the Elderly Natalie StJohn University of Arkansas Community College at Batesville As human services turns out to be increasingly refined and better, different concerns are beginning to surface. Such interests that began as insignificant irritations are currently turning into the point of convergence of contribution that intends to address and improve the government assistance of people. One such clinical concern is the marvel of falls, particularly with the more established populace. We will compose a custom exposition test on Forestalling Falls in the Elderly or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Falling in older people is a noteworthy, yet under-perceived and thought little of general wellbeing concern (Woolcott et al. , 2009). About 30% of individuals more than 65 years of age and living in their particular networks fall every year, with such figures much higher in wellbeing organizations and about a fifth of such episodes requires clinical consideration (Gillespie, Gillespie, Robertson, Lamb, Cumming, Rowe, 2009). In a one year follow-up investigation of people matured 75 years or more living in the network, around 33% revealed at any rate one occurrence of fall (Tinetti, Speechley, Ginter, 1988), with a higher yearly fall danger of up to half, happened in the most established populace or with the people living in nursing homes, with the results of wounds and breaks on account of falls (like mortality, hospitalization, handicap and organization) ascend likewise with the age (Berdot et al. , 2009). The evaluated costs related with falls and fall-related confusions are at billions of dollars around the world (Scuffham, Chaplin, Legood, 2003; Lewin Group, 2000; Smartrisk Foundation, 2009). Subsequently, research with respect to the elements why senior individuals fall turns into even more essential (Woolcott et al. , 2009). There are a few reasons why individuals fall. Fall chance is multifactoral in nature, with hazard factors being characteristic and outward (Graafmans et al. , 1996). The most widely recognized reasons are uncontrolled hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, and use or wrong utilization of specific prescriptions (Gangavati et al. 2011); Woolcott et al. , 2009; Berdot et al. , 2009). Concerning hypertension and systolic orthostatic hypertension, more established people experiencing such conditions are at more serious hazard for falls inside a year (Gangavatti et al. , 2011). The investigation likewise noticed that more seasoned patients with their hypertension co ntrolled have no impact concerning falls (Gangavatti et al. , 2011). The more established populaces with an expansion utilization of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, hypnotics, and narcotics have a bigger and increment odds of falls with old people (Woolcott et al. 2009). This stamped increment is generally because of the durable impacts of benzodiazepines just as unseemly psychotropics, and since these drugs have anticholinergic properties (Berdot et al. , 2009). There are a few different ways to relieve, diminish, or even forestall the odds of the senior populace from falling. Mediations with multidisciplinary properties are demonstrated compelling in limiting fall occurrences, just as muscle fortifying parity retraining endorsed at home and helped by a prepared wellbeing proficient (Gillespie et al. 2009). Judo is additionally another powerful elective mediation for relieving falls (Gillespie et al. , 2009). For those with a background marked by falling, home peril evaluation an d change by a human services proficient could likewise limit odds of falls (Gillespie et al. , 2009). Cardiovascular pacing for people with high danger of falls due to cardio-inhibitory carotid sinus extreme touchiness additionally has a high possibility of being useful, just like the withdrawal of psychotropic drugs (Gillespie et al. , 2009). Studies have likewise indicated that exclusively customized mediations conveyed by medicinal services experts are more successful than standard or gathering conveyed programs (Gillespie et al. , 2009). Falls is an exceptionally preventable, yet still profoundly predominant reason for injury and even mortality with the old. The previously mentioned mediations could help in limiting its hindering impacts. Reference: Berdot, S. , Bertrand, M. , Dartigues, J. F. , Fourrier, A. , Tavernier, B. , Ritchie, K. , Alperovitch, A. , (2009). Wrong Medication Use and Risk of Falls-A Prospective Study in a Large Community-Dwelling Elderly Cohort. BMC Geriatrics, 9(30). doi:10. 1186/1471-2318-9-30. Lewin Group (2000). Evaluated investment funds from falls forestalled by focused home adjustments. Washington, DC: AARP Public Policy Institute. Gangavati, A. , Hajjar, I. , Quach, L. , Jones, R. , Kiely, D. , Gagnon, P. , Lipsitz, L. (2011). Hypertension, Orthostatic Hypotension, and the Risk of Falls in a Community-Dwelling Elderly Population: The Maintenance of Balance, Independent Living, Intellect, and Zest in the Elderly of Boston Study. Diary of American Geriatric Society, 59(3), 383-389. doi:â â 10. 1111/j. 1532-5415. 2011. 03317. x Gillespie, L. D. , Gillespie, W. J. , Robertson, M. C. , Lamb, S. E. , Cumming, R. G. , Rowe, B. H. (2009). Mediations for forestalling falls in old individuals. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (4). DOI: 10. 1002/14651858. CD000340. Graafmans, WC. , Ooms, M. E. , Hofstee, H. M. , Bezemer, P. D. , Bouter, L. M. , Lips, P. (1996). Falls in the old: an imminent investigation of hazard factors and hazard profiles. American Journal of Epidemiology, 143(11), 1129- 1136. Scuffham P. , Chaplin, S. , Legood, R. (2003). Occurrence and expenses of inadvertent falls in more established individuals in the United Kingdom. Diary of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(9) 740- 744. Smartrisk Foundation. 2009). The Economic Burden of Unintentional Injury in Canada. Smartrisk Foundation Website. Recovered from http://www. smartrisk. ca/scientists/economic_burden_studies/canada. html. Gotten to October 20, 2012. Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF, (1988). Hazard Factors for Falls among Elderly Persons Living in the Community. New England Journal of Medicine,â 319,1701-1707. Woolcot, J. , Richardson, K. , Wiens, M. , Patel, B. , Marin, J. , Khan, K. , Marra, C. (2009). Meta-investigation of the effect of 9 Medication Classes on Falls in Elderly Persons. Documents of Internal Medicine, 169(21), 1952-1960. doi:10. 1001/archinternmed. 2009. 357. Instructions to refer to Preventing Falls in the Elderly, Essay models

The Wanderer: Life in a Transient World Essay -- Poem Poetry Wanderer

The Wanderer: Life in a Transient World Upon their attack of England, the Anglo-Saxons conveyed with them a convention of oral verse. The enduring section, which was every now and again interpreted and saved in religious communities makes up the collection of work currently alluded to as Old English Poetry. The Wanderer, an unknown sonnet of the eighth or ninth century, reflects verifiable Anglo-Saxon life just as the impact of Christianity during the period. Since both Christian and Anglo-Saxon chivalrous components exist in The Wanderer, there is cause for examination of the basic and literary solidarity of the sonnet. At first, it may create the impression that these components are acquainted with differentiate each other trying to show irregularity by differentiating common and strict sections so as to show confusion between the two as core values. Be that as it may, further printed investigation shows that these irregularities don't exist. The reason for situating the two one next to the other is to represent a differentiation in topic between the death of this world and the immutability and security of the magnificent realm. The content of The Wanderer is organized to include two separate timeframes, which certainly uncovers the differentiating topics. The initial segment of the work portrays the encounters of a desolate warrior who has lost his ruler and kinfolk to fight. In any case, the creator is reflecting upon these encounters as they happened previously. The position that the Wanderer had taken up is summed up right off the bat in the sonnet as an outsider looking in: So talked the earth-walker, recalling hardships, savage war-butchers the fall of dear brother (69). This reference to an outcast drifter sums up his own circumstance, which he creates in the accompanying entries. Basically, t... ...70). Further, he recognizes that these things are intended to go as all things do as he moves toward a definitive truth of the natural world, this natural home will be purged (70). Not a single solace is in sight in a world were everything will reach a conclusion as one advances through a momentary life. The motivation behind showing natural reality as transient is to balance it with the topic of a wonderful realm. As the sonnet closes, the Wanderer takes note of that there is, comfort from the Father in paradise, where all dependability dwells (70). The core of Anglo-Saxon life will go for all as it accomplished for the Wanderer. Solace isn't to be found in that transient world, yet on the planet past, through security in the radiant realm. Works Cited The Wanderer. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. M.H. Abrams. sixth _ed. New York: Norton, 1993. 68-70.

Global Regents Thematic Essay Topics - Introducing Topic Creation

Global Regents Thematic Essay Topics - Introducing Topic CreationGlobal Regents Thematic Essay topics help you keep current on the topics that are important to you and your audience. While an essay can be interesting in itself, it can be even more engaging when it takes a look at current trends in the world around us. For this reason, some professors suggest teaching an essay themed around a topical essay topic rather than an entire course.Research is a great investment. It can help you succeed more than you think. But when you want to succeed, be careful what information you present in your own essays, reports, or talks. Especially if it could be seen as biased.Good professors use their own experiences to guide their students through the maze of modern life. In this regard, they can turn to research to tell them about the state of the world around them. During your Global Regents Thematic Essay topics, you may also learn about the world's political trends, how scientists define soci al issues, and the impact of globalisation on families. Your choice of topics should reflect your own experiences. So no matter where you are in your career, a global professor might provide you with useful background information about the ideas of the day.Whether you want to do a course or a full-length report, the great thing about global Regents' essay topics is that you can create one to suit your requirements. You can be very specific about what you are looking for, or you can let your imagination go wild. You'll find many themes for your essay.A big part of global Regents thematic essay topics is examining those who are more influential than others. It can include such subjects as monarchs, presidents, and other members of the international community. You might ask questions about the people behind the scenes who are making the decisions, or perhaps look at how people in the arts, business, and the media can impact the world. Whatever themes you choose to cover, you can use yo ur own experiences to bring your question to life.Once you have chosen the type of topic that best suits you, then you need to decide on the ideal case studies. Choose historical figures whose roles are perhaps lesser known. If you're not sure which ones are best, there are plenty of them that are online. Using these classic examples can help you get an idea of what you need to look for in an essay.Your research will probably take up most of your time, but your writing and the presentation of your findings should never be compromised. Remember that your essay is meant to offer a well-researched and well-rounded analysis of an issue of important importance to your audience. You can't just throw the facts out there and hope that your reader will make up their own mind about the topic.How do you improve upon an academic essay? Use the Global Regents Thematic Essay topics to inspire you. You'll discover many other interesting topics, too.

Eight Interlocking Theoretical Concepts On Personality And...

Eight Interlocking Theoretical Concepts Bowen’s theory is influenced by eight interlocking theoretical concepts to explain the family unit’s emotional functioning (H. Goldenberg L. Goldenberg, 2013). The interlocking concepts explain the process of emotions within the family system as they are developed throughout the generations (Wineck, 2010). One must fully understand each concept individually in order to fully grasp the impact within the family unit (H. Goldenberg L. Goldenberg, 2013). Concepts one through five were Bowen’s original theoretical viewpoints (Baege, 2006). According to Bowen (1976), his sixth concept was rooted in Walter Toman’s Family Constellation: It s Effect on Personality and Social Behavior publication from 1961. In 1975, the final two concepts were developed and added to complete the entire eight interlocking theoretical concepts (Bowen, 1976). Bowen never published or created any work on a ninth concept; however, spirituality was mentioned as a possibility for a ninth concept. Spirituality concept is an undeveloped concept with promise, particularly within the field of addiction studies. Underneath every concept is the basic assumption that chronic anxiety prompts the development of each concept premise (H. Goldenberg L. Goldenberg, 2013). These interlocking constructs are known as differentiation of self, triangles, nuclear family emotional system, family projection, process, emotional cutoff, multigenerational transmission process, siblingShow MoreRelatedFamily Therapy as a Psychological Intervention1979 Words   |  8 Pagesroles in the family, dealing with marital discord, separation and divorce, delinquency and any other family-related issues. Family therapy was first discovered about a decade after World War II, when psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, psychiatric social workers, marriage counselors, pastoral counselors not only wanted to just provide individual treatment but look into family relationships (Goldenberg Goldenberg, 20 13). In the past, problems were often dealt with by institutions, such as the churchRead More8 stages of social development6628 Words   |  27 Pagesï » ¿ Contents UNIT 4 Unit 4 Development 4.1 Page No Social Development - 2 Eriksons stages of psychosocial development - 2 , 3 Stages of psychosocial development - 3 , 4 , 5 , Eight Stages of Social Development - 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 References - 13 , 14 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Social development theory attempts to explain qualitative changes in the structure and framework of society, that help the society to better realize itsRead MoreComplete Project on Nike16139 Words   |  65 Pagesfill, at least to some extent. For example, Amazon keeps track of customers’ purchases and suggests other books they might like. Dell builds computers from mass-made parts to customers’ specifications. But Simonson argues some companies can take the concept too far, like the Custom Foot chain of shoe stores that took detailed measurements and specifications from each customer to design one-of-a-kind shoes. Custom Foot didn’t take into account that some customers were put off by the individualized attentionRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesAssociate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. T he book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the practical world of organizations. The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent style of writing set the book apart, making it an ingenious read which invites reflexivity, criticalnessRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesstrategy formation, and have been concerned less with prescribing ideal strategic behavior than with describing how strategies do, in fact, get made. Some prominent writers have long associated strategy with entrepreneurs/up, and have described the process in terms of the creation of vision by the great leader. But if strategy can be personalized vision, then strategy formation has also to be understood as the process of concept attainment in a person s head. Accordingly, a small but important cog nitiveRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesThis page intentionally left blank International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior Eighth Edition Fred Luthans University of Nebraska–Lincoln Jonathan P. Doh Villanova University INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT: CULTURE, STRATEGY, AND BEHAVIOR, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009Read MoreA Study on Role of Advertisement in Promotion of Tourism in India15524 Words   |  63 Pagesas  vehicles for political statements and/or depictions  of the destination countrys desired foreign public Perceptions. Following are only a few of the many examples of government-produced tourism destination advertising that also serve political or social functions. BAHAMAS: The Bahamas are commonly considered to be a focal point of leisure and recreational travel in the Caribbean and the island nation advertises itself as such. Television ads and website produced by the government of the Bahamas specificallyRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCross Reference of Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 Resource

Habitat Loss And Its Roots - 848 Words

Habitat Loss and its roots Irwin (n.d) wrote, writes â€Å"I believe our biggest issue is the same biggest issue that the whole world is facing, and that’s habitat destruction...some 46-58 thousand square miles of forest are lost each year equivalent to 48 football fields every minute.† (para.7/5). â€Å"In Asia the elephant population is dwindling to around 20% because of the habitat loss from people who live in or around their habitat.† (World Wildlife fund, 2014, para.) The Asian conflict primarily revolves around elephants being taken from the wild while alive, for Thailand’s tourism industry. The brazilin soy plantations not only harm the environment around it but also the poor people who are taken from villages and slums to be forced to work in the plantations in barbaric conditions. For example, children work inhuman shifts, even at gunpoint, and those who get sick are abandoned and replaced by others. For hundreds of years habitat loss has been plaguing the human race, but m ore so the animals because people are not only destroying their home but forcing them to come into the city, and then most people would call them nosiness and try to kill them. The three major causes of habitat loss around the world are deforestation, agricultural development, and overgrazing. Firstly, deforestation has been caused by forest fires and making way for palm oil plantations. â€Å"68,000 soccer fields of forest have been lost in the past 13years by wildfire,† (Hansen ,2013, para.4). Forest firesShow MoreRelated Impact of Global Warming on Coastal Wetlands Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesdiameter growth, and lowered stem and root biomass. For example, Allen et al, (1995) state that bald cypress seedlings had reduced photosynthetic activity, stomatal conductance levels, and decreased height growth when exposed to flooding and salinity conditions. In addition, Conner (1994), found bald cypress to demonstrate slightly reduced root biomass. Conner (1994) also concluded that another wetland species, Chinese tallow, demonstrated a significant root and shoot biomass reduction. This resultRead MoreDeforestation And Environment1402 Words   |  6 Pagesare being taken to prevent deforestation. There are various reasons why deforestation is occurring despite its negative effects on the environment. Deforestation can cause very serious environmental problems such as climate change, flooding, loss of habitats as well as others. Deforestation occurs for many reasons, agriculture due to the increasing need for food products, large amounts of trees are removed to grow crops and for animals (Deforestation and Its Effect, 2017). Logging since wood-basedRead MoreEcological Restoration Essay950 Words   |  4 Pageswest by the Main Campus of UCSB and is bordered on the south by the Pacific Ocean.† The floor of the lagoon contains a depth of about 40 feet of loose and incompact layers of sand, slit, and clay comprised of partially decomposed organic matter. Habitat types that the lagoon includes are salt marshes, coast live oak woodlands, coastal dunes, vernal marshes and coastal sage scrubs. Archaeologists have determined that mankind had inhabited this area for about 9,000 years (UCSB Campus Lagoon). TheRead MoreDeforestation Is A Big Environmental Issue1092 Words   |  5 Pagessince rainforest is an essential ecosystem, which provides habitats for much of the world’s biodiversity. â€Å"Amazon destruction at more than 360 square miles (932 square kilometers) in just one month†(Ronca, 2008, p.1). Deforestation can have large impact on animals, which raises the problems of habitat loss, increasing threats to death and reducing biodiversity. (Environment Insider) Deforestation will have a direct result in losing habitats of the species. (Environment Insider) Trees can absorb carbonRead MoreDeforestation And Environment1125 Words   |  5 Pagespopulation. (citation)   Forest fires is another way of forest destruction, extremely large portions of forests are lost yearly due to fires. (citation)   Deforestation can cause very serious environmental problem such as climate change, flooding, loss of habitats as well as others. Deforestation plays a role in causing climate change, according to the World Carfree Network deforestation accounts for approximately 15% of the global carbon dioxide emissions (citation ). Trees are a vital part in the carbonRead MoreBiodiversity Loss and Extinction1220 Words   |  5 PagesBiodiversity loss and Extinction Biodiversity loss can lead to extinction, and hurt human life. It is our responsibility to take care of the environment. We bring in machines that harm the environment and destroy animal life. We need to limit ourselves on how much land and resources we consume. There are major issues that are causing species to become extinct and hurt our way of life and other animals do to the change in food chain. Many of the issues of biodiversity loss can be traced back to humanRead MoreRed Mangroves1471 Words   |  6 PagesMangroves are trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics – mainly between latitudes 25 ° N and 25 ° S. The saline conditions tolerated by various species range from brackish water, through pure seawater (30 to 40 ppt), to water of over twice the salinity of ocean seawater, where the salt has become concentrated by evaporation (up to 90 ppt).[1][2] The many species of trees and shrubs adapted to saline conditions are not all closely related, and the term mangroveRead MoreDescribe Ecosystem s Location And Ecosystem Significance1237 Words   |  5 Pageseach year, seagrass meadows produce millions of tons of biomass which provides food, habitat and nurseries for a myriad of species of fish, crustaceans and other marine animals (insert reference). The seagrass meadows themselves also act as protection against predators and strong ocean currents which is ideal for the attachment of larvae and eggs and to protect juvenile fish. Not only do they provide important habitat for marine animals, but they also stabilize the ocean floor and prevent erosion fromRead MoreDescriptive Essay - My Eyes And Imagine1611 Words   |  7 Pagesdeep breath in and smell the fresh, crisp air as it slowly fills your lungs. Suddenly an awful noise wakes you up, a screeching noise like the trees were crying. A massive yellow and black crane plunges down t o the trees, ripping them out from their roots. A strange man in an orange vest and bright red helmet comes up and tells you that you are going to have to move. â€Å"What are you doing?† you ask, quickly standing up. â€Å"Logging this area, we are chopping down the trees and you’re going to have to moveRead MoreFor Riches to Rarity: American Ginseng1250 Words   |  5 PagesFrom Riches to Rarity American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) has a rich history in North America. Native Americans used the roots medicinally for years, and European colonists quickly revered the roots as well. American ginseng was one of the earliest American exports to China. Entrepreneurs such as John Jacob Astor bought and sold roots to amass their fortunes. Even today, American ginseng is prized for its medicinal qualities and is still harvested and sold internationally. In the early days of

The Landscape Of Qualitative Research - 890 Words

For this week’s reading, we read â€Å"The Landscape of Qualitative Research---Feminisms and Qualitative Research at and into the Millennium† by Virginia L. Olesen. The author started out by introducing that feminist qualitative research is diverse, active and challenging to the professions, supporters and the judges. This type of research is changeful and emergent. The works done by the feminists help create a base for other researches, movements and guidelines that help exceed and convert. Feminisms involves various fictitious and functional directions. In order to give the readers a better background and concept about the things that feminist scholars are currently debating, the author first introduced the topic â€Å"Scope and Topics of Feminist Qualitative Research†. People always view qualitative research as the most useful research method; as a result, it narrowed the questions into subjective areas. Feminist work pay attention and focus on the women’s experiences from daily lives in order to prevent limited views. The feminist qualitative research examined women in two different fields, they are education and health respectively. Women are seen to be â€Å"gentlemen† in law school because they worry a lot about their kids’ schooling and they struggle with inhibiting structures. When they are analyzing the policy, it is mainly quantitative and dominated by males. The two general areas that they concentrate on is â€Å"the substance, construction, and emergence of specific policy issues;Show MoreRelatedA Research on Saudi Aramco Company1183 Words   |  5 Pagesprimary research. Assessment Process: Develop topic and research questions Establish methodology and justification Obtain appropriate permissions Produce research materials Phases of Primary Research Collection and analysis of data Conclusions and recommendations based on data (Robson, 2011). Methodology For research to be viable, it must have epistemological validation or our ability as researchers to understand how we know what we know and what basis we make assumptions on research topicsRead MoreGeography Assignment : Landforms And Landscapes1408 Words   |  6 PagesGeography Assignment: Landforms and Landscapes (Stage 1) How Has Rainfall Impacted Stalactite Formation in the Princess Margaret Rose Cave? Concepts The seven concepts of geography are used many times by geographers and each concept plays a key role in landscapes and landforms. Space, Place, Interconnection, Change, Environment, Scale and Sustainability re all the 7 concepts geographers use. The landscape Princess Margaret Rose Cave is arguably the most attractive cave in Victoria and in theRead MoreThreat Landscape Of Online Fraud Risk Management1460 Words   |  6 Pages1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Introduction to threat landscape of online fraud risk management The Online banking and financial services have revolutionised the consumer and corporate banking industry in the last few decades or so by giving customers the power to conduct their banking anytime, anywhere and without all kinds of paperwork and branch visits. This has been possible with the help of massive investments in information technology, systems and communication infrastructure linking the banking industryRead MoreInvestigating Strategic Measures For The Retention Success982 Words   |  4 Pagesproficiency, their level of collaboration with one another is once in a while bargained. Such gatherings may experience issues functioning admirably with one another as they may be regionally and unwilling to collaborate. This study begins the qualitative methodology of analyzing the use and force of institutional effort devoted to strategies and practices and the potential associations between these hierarchical structures and student outcomes at the University of North Carolina a t Pembroke. UNCPRead MoreDeveloping A Long Term Condition Using Patient Education1600 Words   |  7 Pages Focus groups are a popular method used to capture views and opinions for qualitative research. 3.2 Search Strategy A comprehensive search was undertaken to identify a suitable research paper using a variety of online sources searching for patient experience in managing a long-term condition using patient education. Simple Google searches (including Google Scholar), academic databases (PubMed) and scientific databases (ScienceDirect) were used to identify a paper, using question-specific searchRead More A Qualitative Exploration of the Spatial Needs of Homeless Drug Users Living in Hostels and Night Shelters 1702 Words   |  7 Pageshoused in hostels/night shelters was paramount. The task of the critical appraisal is to firstly, summarise the research article A Qualitative Exploration of the Spatial Needs of Homeless Drug Users Living in Hostels and Night Shelters (2013), discuss the methodology presented throughout it and further examine if whether it was appropriate for the topic. Towards the end, the research findings will be discussed and an assessment of whether the article is beneficial for the housing sector or not,Read MoreScience And Fisheries Thesaurus : Environmental Factors, Genetic Diversity, Fjords, Marine Species Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Marine environmental landscape parameters play an important role in promoting population genetic differentiation in marine organisms (Selkoe et al., 2008). Consequently, identifying environmental parameters that promote population genetic differentiation is a major focus of study in evolutionary biology (Selkoe et al., 2008). Most research on the effects of the environmental marine landscape on the genetics of population structure has been qualitative (e.g. Jà ¸rgensen et al., 2005; GalindoRead MoreDemographic Profile For Customers Most Likely Use The Gym s Services Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesaway But do not worry about these things if they do not register as agreed, then there, then you can provide them with simple actions that are valuable content via Facebook, Twitter and email. A statement of your research objectives/hypotheses. Purpose The purpose of this research report is available with a variety of services and different exercises in the form of new customers for a range of different settings across the many, many things. Performance in the performance of work that representedRead MoreOnline Banking And Financial Services1440 Words   |  6 Pageshas come at a cost for the banks. Financial crime or fraud in the last few decades was largely restricted to cheque or loan fraud by individual fraudsters. The perpetrators seem to have kept pace with the evolution in banking services. The threat landscape today is such that every time the banking industry presents innovative financial products and a convenient way to do business with its customers, it also attracts a whole new category of fraud risk and new opportunities for the fraudsters. The financialRead MoreThe Impact Of Mobile Commerce On Grocery And General Merchandise Retailers1841 Words   |  8 PagesImpact assessment of mobile commerce on grocery a nd general merchandise retailers Introduction The advent of iOS and Android and the corresponding increased sale of devices supported by these mobile operating systems seems to be changing the landscape of the retail industry not only in the United Kingdom but worldwide. Such rapid changes in technology have opened doors to new start-ups which create applications or so called apps to leverage the user base of the iOS and Android platforms and allow

Company Law Assignment free essay sample

Criminal Act 2001 (Cth) Code Act 1995 (Cth) Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705 3 Lennards 4 Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) LAWS2301 | Take Home Assignment | Sandy Goh (20806534) PART A (ii) – actions GE can take against Ross and/or FP Action taken against FP Ross breached the clause in his contract by competing with GE while he is employed by it. He can argue that FP is a separate legal entity (s124) from him, and is not bound by the contract he entered into with GE. Ross is a hiding behind FP to avoid legal obligations as shown in Gilford Motor5. As the directing mind and will behind FP, Ross has defrauded GE by making FP compete against GE intentionally, as shown in similar cases Bestobell6 and Re Darby7. In this case, the corporate veil may be lifted under the common law and Ross will be made liable. Action taken against Ross On behalf of GE, Monica is able to impose liability on Ross for breaching his duties owed to GE as a promoter. in the exercise of powers given to them [directors] must, as I conceive, keep within the proper limits. Powers given to them for one purpose cannot be used by them for another and different purpose. To permit such proceedings on the part of directors of companies would be to sanction not the use but the abuse of their powers†. The limits on the exercise of power may be found in the articles of association. However in advance it is not possible to lay down the limits beyond which directors may never pass in exercising a particular power. Every case depends on its own facts. In Hogg v Cramphorn Ltd the subject directors believed that it would not be in the company’s best interests or its staff if there was to be a pending takeover as the change would result in the nature of the company’s trading being unsettling. As a result of this, the directors sought to frustrate the takeover by issuing to the trustees of an employee trust fund 5707 preferences shares, each carrying ten votes. These votes constituted a majority in general meeting in combination with those shares held by friendly interests. Through an interest free loan from the company’s reserve fund, the shares were paid for as well as further money advanced to the trustees to purchase additional preference shares which also came from the reserve fund. From here, a minority shareholder decided to challenge the transactions. It was held that while acting in a manner which they believed to be in the company’s best interests, the transaction was voidable as its primary purpose was to ensure control of the company by the directors and those who they could regard as their supporters and thereby discourage the takeover bid from taking place. Where there is more than one purpose, the court must try to find the dominant purpose behind a power use to determine whether the proper purpose duty has been infringed. In Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd Millers was subject to a takeover offer by Ampol and Howard Smith made a rival offer. Ampol and its associated company, Bulkships, rejected the offer and stated that they intended to act jointly in relation to the future operation’ of Millers. The majority of Millers’ board were in favour of the Howard Smith takeover bid. And to smooth the progress of the bid they agreed to issue enough shares to Howard Smith to reduce Ampol and Bulkships to minority shareholders. Millers did at the time did need to raise some capital and Ampol sought to have the share issue set aside. It was held that in determining whether the duty had been breached, the court had to look at the substantial purpose for which [the power] is exercised, make a conclusion as to whether that purpose was proper or not. In this case it was found that the purpose was simply to reduce the majority voting power held by Ampol and Bulkships to enable a then minority of shareholders to sell their shares more advantageously. The power had therefore been improperly exercised and the share issue was set aside and the share register rectified. However in Condraulics Pty Ltd v Barry amp; Roberts Ltd it was found that the overriding purpose of the share issue was to encourage employee loyalty despite the share issue coinciding with a takeover bid. Hence, in Pine Vale Investments Ltd v McDonnell and East Ltd, the courts upheld a share rights issue to raise finance to take advantage of a genuine favourable opportunity even though this coincided with a takeover announcement. The rights issue even raised the number and value of the company’s shares and discouraged the takeover, but yet the court held that the directors should [not] be reduced to inactivity because of the pendency r that there may be a possible chance of a takeover offer. This decision clearly weakens the traditional approach to the proper purposes doctrine; however its ultimate conclusion may re-establish a close relationship with Howard Smith v Ampol. Acting bona fide in the interests of the company is not an excuse for acting for a dominant improper pur pose, especially where the directors are acting in their own self-interest as in Howard Smith v Ampol. In this case Lord Wilberforce stated â€Å" when a dispute arises whether directors of a company made a particular decision for one purpose or for another he court, is entitled to look at the situation objectively in order to estimate how critical or pressing an alleged requirement may have been. If it finds that a particular requirement, though real, was not urgent, or critical, at the relevant time, it may have reason to doubt, or discount, the assertions of individuals that they acted solely in order to deal with it, particularly when the action they took was unusual or even extreme. † Where there are rival takeover bids the directors must not exercise their powers in such as way as to prevent the members obtaining the best price for their shares. In Heron International Ltd v Lord Grade the use of power was to refuse to register transfers, and in Re a Company the use of power was to provide information. However, where there are competing offers, the directors are not under a duty to recommend and assist the carrying out of the higher offer. Many cases where the question of improper use of a power arises are concerned with directors using their powers to allot shares in order to give votes to their friends and avoid a change in the control of the company. The directors’ power to allot shares is now restricted by the Company Act 2006. Although the directors’ duties when exercising powers has been in relation to the power to allot shares, the duty has been examined in other cases such as the power to borrow and give security as in Rolled Steel v British Steel, the power to make calls on partly paid shares as in Anglo-Universal Bank v Baragnon, the power to determine the terms and conditions on which shares are issued as in Alexander v Automatic Telephone, the power to call general meetings as in Pergamon Press Ltd v Maxwell and power to cause the company to enter into contracts as in Lee Panavision v Lee Lighting. S172 of the Companies Act 2006 expresses what is the central obligation of a director; s172(1) states a director of a company must act in a way he considers, in good faith, would be most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole. S172(2) states where or to the extent that the purposes of the company consist of or include purposes other than the benefit of its members, subsection (1) has effect as if the reference to promoting the success of the company for the benefit of its members were to achieving those purposes. S172(3) states the duty imposed by this section has effect subject to any enactment or rule of law requiring directors, in certain circumstances, to consider or act in the interests of creditors of the company. S172 is based on the equitable fiduciary duty which was formulated, in combination with the duty to act within powers by Lord Green MR in Re Smith and Fawcett Ltd. It was said that the directors of a company must act â€Å" bona fide in what they consider not what a court may consider is in the interests of a company, and not for any collateral purpose. † This reflects the way in which the equitable principle was applied. The court does not substitute its own view as to the merit of the decision as Lord Wilberforce said in Howard Smith v Ampol. Also in Regentcrest plc v Cohen Jonathan Parker J stated â€Å" the question is whether the director honestly believed that his act or omission was in the interests of the company no doubt, where it is clear that the act or omission under challenge resulted in substantial detriment to the company, the director will have a hard task persuading the court but that does not detract from the subjective nature of the test. † In the case of JJ Harrison (Properties) v Harrison Chadwick LJ also stated â€Å" he powers to dispose of the company’s property, conferred upon the directors by the articles of association, must be exercised by the directors for the purposes, and in the interests, of the company. † However in Item Software v Fassihi Mr Fassihi was a sales amp; MD of Item and Item distributed software created by Isograph. Fassihi then set up his own business to take over the distribution whilst he was still a director of Item. At the same time, he advised Item to be tough in negotiations for new contract with Isograph, however he did not think about disclosing this breach. It was then put to the test whether an intelligent amp; honest person in his position would have reasonably believed that disclosure was in company’s best interests. Arden LJ stated â€Å" the fundamental duty to which a director is subject, that is the duty to act in what he in good faith considers to be the best interests of his company the duty is expressed in these very general terms it focuses on principle not on the particular words which judges or the legislature have used in any particular case or context If directors of a company have acted without considering the interests of the company, their actions may be considered to have been bona fide in what they considered to be in the interests of the company, but only if it satisfies the objective test as in Chaterbridge Corporation v Lloyds Bank. In this case Pennycuick J formulated the objective test stating â€Å" the proper test must be whether an intelligent and honest man in the position of the director of the com pany concerned, could, in the whole of the existing circumstances, have reasonably believed that the transactions were for the benefit of the company. If it is believed that a director of a company has acted without considering the company’s interests and there is no basis as to why the director could reasonably have seen that the action was in the company’s best interest, the court will find that the director was in breach of duty as seen in Item Software v Fassihi. S172(1) brings in the interests of the company and its members as a separate person by expressing a directors duty in terms of promoting the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole. In Mutual Life Insurance v Rank Organisation directors of the Rank Organisation had decided to issue new shares and part of the issue was made available to existing shareholders at a favourable price, but shareholders living in North America were excluded to save the company the high cost of complying with US and Canadian legislation concerning public offers of shares in those countries. It was held that the directors had not acted in breach of duty in preferring the interests of the company as a separate person to the interests of some of its members. However in Gaiman v National Association Megarry J observed that as a company is an artificial legal entity, it is not easy to determine what is in the best interests without paying due regard to its present and future members as a whole. Also in Paramount Communications v Time Inc Time Inc decided to go ahead with a merger with another company not allowing shareholders the chance of selling their shares to an unwelcome takeover bidder, even though the bidder was offering more than the current market price for the company’s shares. However the court accepted that it was egitimate for the directors of Time Inc to decide that it was in the company’s best interests. The court clearly rejected the idea that the directors’ duty was simply to maximise shareholder value in the short term. S172(3) provides that the duty to promote the success of the company has effect, subject to any enactment or rule of law requiring directors, in certain circumstances, to consider or a ct in the interests of creditors of the company. In West Mercia Safetywear v Dodd the court held that a director of an insolvent company must have regard to the interests of its creditors. If directors of a company, at a time when the company is insolvent, or of doubtful solvency or on the verge of insolvency, deal with its property in a way that is prejudicial to the interests of creditors then they are in breach of their fiduciary duty to the company as in Kinsela v Russell Kinsela. However in Kuwait v National Mutual Life it was stated that ‘a director does not by reason only of his position as director owe any duty to creditors or to trustees for creditors of the company’. This was also confirmed in Yukong Line v Rendsburg Investments. It is an equitable principle that a director of a company is under an obligation to disclose a breach where he or she has acted in breach of their fiduciary duty, if disclosure is required by the equitable duty to act bona fide in what the director considers to be the interests of the company as in Item Software v Fassihi. So the duty is to disclose what the director considers, not what the court may consider is in the interest of the company to know as in Fulham Football Club. A director also has a duty to disclose breaches of duty by fellow directors, if to do so would be bona fide in what the director considers to be the interests of the company. In British Tool v Midland International four directors of a company planned to create a rival company. One of them retired and set up a new company inviting key employees of the old company to join it, while the other three directors continued in their old employment without letting the other directors know of their plans. It was held that this was a breach of their fiduciary duty and amounted to a conspiracy to harm the company by unlawful means.

Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Disease Essay Sample free essay sample

Abstraction:Glucose-6-phospate dehydrogenase lack ( G6PD ) . an X-linked familial disease. is due to the deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. This enzyme is present in ruddy blood cells and its lack can take to haemolytic anaemia. Red blood cells carry O and G6PD protects these cells from natural O chemicals that may construct up when you have a febrility or take certain medicines. If there are excessively many of these oxidative chemicals. they can destruct the ruddy blood cells. doing haemolytic anaemia. The G6PD enzyme catalyzes the oxidization of glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate piece besides cut downing NADP+ to NADPH. which is a needed cofactor in many biosynthetic reactions. NADPH maintains glutathione in its decreased signifier that serves as a forager for risky oxidative metabolites in cells. With the aid of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. reduced glutathione besides converts unsafe H peroxide to H20. Red blood cells depend on G6PD activity since it i s their lone beginning of NADPH. We will write a custom essay sample on Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Disease Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Consequently. people missing G6PD can non take oxidative drugs or usage certain chemicals because their ruddy blood cells undergo rapid haemolysis under this emphasis ( Carter ) . Introduction:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( G6PD ) is an enzyme in the pentose phosphate tract. a metabolic tract that supplies cut downing energy to cells. chiefly RBCs. It does this by keeping the degree of the co-enzyme nicotinamide A dinucleotide phosphate ( NADPH ) . NADPH in bend maintains the degree of glutathione in these cells that helps protect the ruddy blood cells against oxidative harm. Glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase ( G-6-PD ) lack is the most common disease-producing enzymopathy in worlds. which affects 400 million people worldwide with more than 300 reported discrepancies ( Carter ) . It besides presents with protection against malaria. which most likely histories for its high cistron frequence. Some research has even shown that G6PD seems to diminish the susceptibleness to malignant neoplastic disease. cardiovascular disease. and stroke. G6PD lack is an X-linked recessive inherited disease that preponderantly affects work forces. While it affects all races. there appears to be a higher incidence in people of African. Asiatic. or Mediterranean heritage. The high frequence of type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure in Afro/Caribbeans in the West can besides be straight related to a G6PD lack ( Gaskin ) . The lack is a mutant in the G6PD cistron venue at Xq28. The cistron is 18 kilobases long with 13 coding DNAs. which makes up an enzyme of 515 aminic acids. Most of the mutants are single-base alterations that result in an amino acid permutation. Female bearers can hold a mild signifier of G6PD. which is dependent on the grade of inactivation of the unaffected X chromosome. In the rare instance of homozygous females. there is co-incidence of a rare immune upset called chronic granulomatous disease. G6PD deficient RBCs have a instead reduced life span and at hazard to lyse when faced with oxidative emphasis. Patients with G6PD lack are at hazard of haemolytic anaemia in provinces of oxidative emphasis. This can be in terrible infection. medicine and certain nutrients. Some drugs that can convey on symptoms include: antimalarial agents. acetylsalicylic acid. Macrodantin. quinine. Quinidex. sulfa drugs. and many others. Broad beans contain high degrees of vicine. divicine. convicine and isouramil — all are oxidizers. Recent research has besides shown chemicals like henna. used in dyes for hair and tegument. has besides shown to convey on strong reactions. In provinces of oxidative emphasis. all staying glutathione is consumed. Enzymes and other proteins are later damaged by the oxidizers. taking to electrolyte instability. membrane cross-bonding and phagocytosis and splenetic segregation of ruddy blood cells. The haemoglobin is metabolized to bilirubin. increasing the hazard of icterus. or excreted straight by the kidney. which is known to do acute nephritic failure. Nerve pathway: Discussion:Preservation of the unity of the RBC’s membrane relies chiefly on its ability to bring forth ATP and NADH from glycolysis. NADPH is produced by the pentose phosphate tract and utilised for the decrease of oxidised glutathione to cut down glutathione. Glutathione is indispensable for the remotion of H2O2 and lipid peroxides generated by reactive O species. In normal ruddy blood cells. the uninterrupted coevals of superoxide ion from the nonenzymatic oxidization of haemoglobin provides a beginning of reactive O species. Under normal fortunes. the RBC removes superoxide with superoxide dismutase. which converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Glutathione peroxidase reduces the H peroxide to H2O which oxidizes glutathione to the disulfide signifier. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase converts glucose-6-phosphate into 6-phosphoglucono-?-lactone and is the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate tract. In a individual with lacking G6PD. oxidizers react with glutathione doing the cellular degrees of reduced glutathione to fall to such an extent that critical sulfhydryl groups in some cardinal proteins can non be maintained in decreased signifier. In bend. a sufficient sum of NADPH. which is besides required for formation of azotic oxide. is non produced. As a consequence. the tract promotes Heinz organic structure formation. and haemolysis can happen. Heinz organic structures are fundamentally denaturized haemoglobin formed by harm to the haemoglobin constituent molecules and go cross-linked by disulfide bonds. Lack of G6PD in the alternate tract causes the buildup of glucose and therefore there is an addition of advanced glycation terminal merchandises. In decision it is clear to see patients with glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase lack must be highly careful in their usage of merchandises that could perchance do oxidative emphasis. However. it seems that is an highly difficult undertaking since there are so many merchandises on the market and unless more research is done it would be impossible to cognize what is safe and what is non. Another hazard lies non merely on the custodies of the patients. but besides on the doctor. Recent research in Iran. where G6PD lack is highly common. was done to prove blood bags used for transfusions or exchange. Samples were taken from 261 blood bags and examined by topographic point fluorescence for G6PD lack. In add-on. patients having blood were examined for haemoglobin. haematocrit. and hematoidin before and after transfusion. They were besides examined for haemoglobinuria. factors involved in haemolysis due to G6PD lack. and oxidizers. The consequences were amazing and showed that 37 of the bloo d bags had the G6PD lack and about 81 % of the transfusion receivers had at least one hazard factor for haemolysis. This merely goes to demo the earnestness involved in monitoring such a status. Plants Cited: Carter SM. Gross SJ. Glucose-6-Phospate Dehydrogenase Deficiency.hypertext transfer protocol: //www. emedicine. com/med/topic900. htm ; 29 Aug 2005.Gaskin RS. Estwick D. Peddi R. G6PD lack: its function in the high prevalence of high blood pressureand diabetes mellitus. Ethn Dis 2001 ; 11:749-54. PMID 11763298. Nabavizadeh SH. Anushiravani A. The prevalence of G6PD lack in blood transfusionreceivers. Hematology 2007 ; Vol. 12 Issue 1. p85-88.

John Steinbeck Biography essays

John Steinbeck Biography essays John Steinbeck, author of Of Mice and Men (1937), was born in Salinas, California on February 27, 1902. He grew up in a middle-class family of German and Irish descent in Monterey County, California. This is where Steinbeck developed his love of the natural world and diverse cultures that show up so often in his major works. His father, John Steinbeck Sr., was the county treasurer and his mother, Olive (Hamilton) Steinbeck, was a formal school teacher. They lovingly fostered his passion for reading and writing. John Jr. attended Stanford University but never graduated. He left Stanford in 1925 and attempted to become a freelance writer in New York City, but when his endeavors failed he returned to California. Steinbeck married his first wife, Carol Henning, in 1930 and they moved to Pacific Grove, where he wrote Tortilla Flat (1935). This novel was his first popular work and the turning point of his career. Of Mice and Men (1937), a tale of shattered dreams, was considered to be St einbecks first large success. In 1939 he published what is considered his best work, The Grapes of Wrath, the story of Oklahoma tenant farmers who, unable to earn a living from the land, moved to California where they became migratory workers. John Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962 ...for his realistic as well as imaginative writings, distinguished by a sympathetic humor and a keen social perception. His last work was Travels with Charley (1962), a travelogue in which Steinbeck wrote about his impressions during a three-month tour in a truck that led him through forty American states. Other works included The Red Pony (1937), Sweet Thursday (1954), Cannery Row (1945), In Dubious Battle (1936), To a God Unknown (1933), The Sea of Cortez (1941), Cup of Gold (1929), and The Moon is Down (1942). He died in New York City on December 20, 1968, and was survived by his third wife, Elaine (Scott) Steinbeck, and their son...

Education Master Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Education Master - Personal Statement Example The enhancement training would allow me to understand the special needs of my students in prison and with the deaf and dyslexic, and develop better teaching strategies that will truly respond to my students' needs. This paper documents the plan, the learning process and the outcomes of learning Rehabilitation Counseling. It describes how I went through the learning experience and applied principles and theories in psychology and education and present insights on the experiences. I intended to enroll in a short term 3 day-long course on Rehabilitation Counselling because it would enskill me to address special concerns of my clients. Rehabilitation Counselling course is a special program for individuals who "perform counseling on persons with disabilities and their families to identify and resolve them." These counselors "plan individual rehabilitation programs and provide support and direction during rehabilitation process, arrange for medical and psychological evaluation and vocational testing and/or work evaluation and place clients in jobs" (Wisconsin DWD) Parts of the methodology for the formal training in rehabilitation counselling is a simulation exercise or role playing and going through training assessment or evaluation. It was my belief that going through short term course would not be enough to master the skill especially given a short span of time, so that I intended to supplement this an on-line counseling course and with my own research activities, through books, video and interview with other counselors and experts. The learning process would not end in just acquiring the skill and passing the skills training assessment. I also intended to go through the licensing process to legally practice counselling and be an accredited member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) or other licensing and accreditation organizations where my practice is covered. The Learning Process I enrolled in a short term 3-day introductory course in Rehabilitation Counseling at Thomas Danby College last April 20-22, 2007. I also enrolled at an on-line counseling program offered by Tipperary Institute at Thurles Tipperary which also started in April. My classes in Tippery are expected to end on September 15, 2007 although this is through the Internet. At this writing online course at Tippery is ongoing but the short term course at Thomas Danby College was completed. The analysis of the learning process will particularly center on the completed short term introductory course on Rehabilitation Counseling at Thomas Danby College. The course focused on these modules: foundations of counseling, principles and techniques of rehabilitation counseling, clinical techniques, assessment techniques and practicum activity. The course was packaged to suit the schedule of working counselors, which luckily was a big advantage on my part. The class sessions were a continuous three (3) whole day activities which turned out to be very convenient

Ethics Problem of Class Skipping Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics Problem of Class Skipping - Term Paper Example The most obvious violation of an ethical principle that his action violated is the principle of nonmaleficence which posits that one ought not to harm others. My friend is not only harming others (his parents and school administrators who were in good faith to provide him with a good education) but he is also harming himself although he may not realize it yet. He is harming himself in several ways. In the short term, he would be grounded and scolded if his parents will know about his cutting classes. Later, his performance in school will surely be affected and it will not be for long that school administrators will find it out that he had been cutting classes and that could put him in trouble. Ultimately, even if he would be able to get away with the short and not so immediate repercussion of skipping class, he will surely harm himself by denying himself the opportunity to prepare for his future. The second moral problem that my friend created is his lying to his parents and getting allowances using school as a front. I need not cite philosophical basis how being untruthful is incorrect because lying is fundamentally wrong by any moral standards. I told my friend that one way or another, his parents or school administrators will find out about his skipping classes. I also told him that it is not fair to his parents who were under the impression that he was going to school with the money they gave him when in fact, it was otherwise. I also told him that ultimately, he is just harming himself because he was skipping lessons that he was supposed to learn and that will begin a vicious cycle of having difficulty understanding complex lessons in the future. Initially, I was detached to whatever my friend was doing because I already did my part as a friend which is to give him sound advice and it is his life anyway.  

Epistemology and Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Epistemology and Knowledge Essay Epistemology, or the study of knowledge, requires the scholar analyze the what, how, and why’s of their own knowledge. Asking these questions of themselves is essentially applying that which they have learned. There are different origins of knowledge as conceptualized by philosophers, educators, and scientists. Early philosophers defined knowledge as â€Å"justified true belief† (Cooper, pg. 23). In order for an individual to know something it must be true, he or she must believe it, and the belief in it must be justified or rationally reasonable. Later, early modern philosophers required knowledge to be proven and absolute. The scientific method was employed to provide proof for ideas and beliefs. The means by which knowledge is acquired varies. Feldman cites sources of knowledge as perception, expert testimony, memory, reasoning, and introspection (Feldman, 2003). As an educator, instructing primary age students on a daily basis, I must not only have great insight into what I believe, but I also must have insight into my student’s knowledge as well. Instructors need to know a number of things about their students, such as: Do the students have adequate prior knowledge to understand the new material being presented? Are the students sufficiently motivated to engage in the cognitive tasks required of them? Does the information fit an existing scheme of knowledge or will it require some alteration of current understanding? Understanding what my student know and at what depth they are able to apply that knowledge guides my instruction. My natural curiosity, a natural inclination for question, and a need for answers motivate the search for explanations. Knowledge and wisdom give an understanding of our position, role, and function in the world. Achterbergh and Vriens (2002) stated, â€Å"The role of knowledge in generating appropriate actions is that it serves as a background for articulating possible courses of action (articulation), for judging whether courses of action will yielded the intended result and for using this judgment in selecting among them (selection), for deciding how actions should be implemented and for actually implementing action (implementation)† (pg. 223). Knowledge enables interpretation of experiences, predictions of consequences, and provides the ability to make informed decisions. My own personal epistemology is a product of each of these views. Personal experiences have a major influence on beliefs and should be an acceptable source of knowledge but not the only consideration when acquiring knowledge. There is also a place for the scientific method which offers proven data to base knowledge. For me, knowledge is a product of reasoning (Feldman, 2003). I derive knowledge from information imported through different modes and from various sources, such as personal experiences, advice from experts, and data. These inputs of information are cognitively processed and filtered with the reference to past experience and prior knowledge to become new â€Å"justified true beliefs† (Cooper, ). Thus, knowledge acquisition is a process involving the collection of raw data or information, reasoning, and judgment making. For example, after my students have taken a test, I look at the data, think about the patterns in the data, or the lack of a pattern using prior knowledge and experiences as a filter. Finally, I decide what my next step or strategy will be. Do I need to reteach the subject because the pattern suggests that most of my students did not fully understand the skill or concept? Or do I move on to another more complex skill or concept because my students have proven themselves knowledgeable? It is in this way that I acquire knowledge and apply that knowledge to planning lessons for my students. Many of my colleagues rely solely on the scientific method to make decisions in regards to student learning. They are satisfied with looking at a spreadsheet full of data and believe that it tells the complete story in regards to students. They are also under the assumption that scores derived from a series of multiple choice tests given on a set of skills will reveal if a student has acquired the desired knowledge. Basing grades on these tests is also appropriate. I do not believe that this tells the full story of my student’s knowledge. These tests may demonstrate the ability to regurgitate this knowledge within a certain context, but out of this context this may not be true. I do, however, use this data to help inform many of my decisions, however, I do not make decisions based exclusively on this data. There must be a balance  of reasoning, using my 16 years of experiences and training, as well as raw data tells a more complete story of my student’s knowledge and abilities. I have worked for Porterville Unified School District (PUSD), in Porterville, California, my entire career. PUSD’s vision and mission statements read as follows: â€Å"PUSD students will have the skills and knowledge to be prepared for college and career and to make a positive impact in a dynamic global society. The mission of PUSD is to provide students a dynamic, engaging and effective educational experience that prepares them with the skills to be productive citizens in a global society. † As a result, it is perceived that all students will develop and demonstrate â€Å"critical thinking and problem solving skills; cultural awareness and the ability of collaborate with diverse groups; effective communication skills of listening, speaking and writing; creativity and innovation; leadership, self-management and organizational skills obtained through real world applications and community involvement; (and) the ability to navigate the global world of work and further their education (Porterville, 2012). † Porterville Unified (PUSD) has given explicit expectations for what students should know at the end of their educational career with the district, how students get to these end goals is a little less clear and left to the judgment of the teachers. There are some expectations of teachers and lessons presented to students given by the district. Many professional development hours have been spent on instructing teachers about the specific things that administrators will look for as they do brief observations of classroom instruction. The expectations include teaching explicitly to the essential standards; posting of the essential standard being taught; 80% student engagement during the lesson; display of exemplary work; higher order questioning and thinking skills. Administrators collect this data and share it with grade levels and school wide to help teachers focus on areas that are lacking. Administrator walk-throughs give a quick snap shot of the type of teaching and learning taking place during a lesson and they help to build a holistic picture of the teaching methods and resources being used (Hetzner, 2011). PUSD has placed an emphasis on the strategies needed for effective lessons and, in turn, effective student learning. As a 4th grade teacher for Porterville Unified School District, my task is to create daily lesson plans that serve to guide me as I teach my students. My first step in creating these lessons is to determine my student’s level of prior knowledge. I can accomplish this by looking at formal and informal assessments and data. Observation of this data gives me a better understanding of what my next steps with my student should be. In some cases, I need to go back and reteach skills, while in other cases I can teach my students a new skill. I have to make an informed decision as to what cognitive level I need to teach to next. Awareness of how my students are performing as well as where I need to be as far as pacing and staying on track to get through all the skills needed to be taught within the year are vital to my daily task as a 4th grade teacher. As I compare my personal epistemology with that of my district, I realize that I spend more time assessing data after the lesson has been taught while the district places more emphasis on data collected during a lesson. Both of these approaches are valuable and, in fact, the district does place value on the end result (i. e. State test scores), however, there is little action that can take place after the end of the year data is collected. PUSD has placed and emphasis on good instruction because they see it as the road to a good education, as well as, the skills and goals they have set in the mission and vision statements. Our epistemologies align in that we both rely on the research of experts. I trust, as does PUSD, that the data given by experts is valuable to our own knowledge and it should guide how I teach my students. The district also views its teachers as experts in the field and has given many freedoms in the presentation and uses of resources when teaching students. As I reflect on my school districts focus as compared to me I realize that even though our epistemologies are not exactly aligned we are aligned in our focus of the students. Students come first. That means I will use whichever strategies I need to in order to create effective student learning. Reviewing test scores and planning lessons are vital to student learning, however, I have been so centered on what I am teaching that my students have not been engaged as well as they could be and thus have not learned the subject matters to their full potential. Also, although pacing is important, it should not be of top priority. Top priority should be assessing my students during the lesson and changing strategies, or even the skills being taught, if my students are not engaged. There is no point in plowing through a lesson if the majority of my students are not listening to what is being taught. This new insight will definitely help to drive my instruction and will help make me a more effective teacher. References: Achterbergh,J. , Vriens, D. (May-June 2002). Managing viable knowledge. â€Å"Systems Research and Behavioral Science. † V19i3p223 (19). Cooper, D. E. (Ed. ). (1999). Epistemology: The classic readings. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Feldman R. (2003). Epistemology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hetzner, Amy, 2011. Walk-throughs give school administrators firsthand view of staff in action. JSOnline: Milwaukee, Wisconsin Journal Sentinel. May 14, 2011. Retrieved on November 20, 2012 from: http://www. jsonline. com/news/education/121843078. html Porterville Unified School District, 2012 . PUSD: Vision and mission statements. Retrieved on November 20, 2012 from: http://dnn. portervilleschools. org/dotnetnuke/District/VisionMission. aspx.

A Habit of Being Great: Learning From Flannery O?Connor :: essays research papers fc

â€Å"There she stands, to me, a phoenix risen from her own words: calm, slow, funny, courteous, both modest and very sure of herself, intense, sharply penetrating, devout but never pietistic, downright, occasionally fierce, and honest in a way that restore to honor to the word†, this is how Sally Fitzgerald described her dear friend Mary Flannery O’Connor. (xii) Not to long ago, I read my first Mary Flannery O’Connor story and I came to view Mary Flannery O’Connor as an artist whose key subject was grace, but what are these stories, these works of art truly about, what is Flannery O’ Connor trying to tell the readers. In order to interpret a story though the eyes of an author like Flannery O’Connor you must first look through the eyes of the author. You must see what he/she sees. It would be arrogant to believe that a person can truly understand another by studying them, but I have learned a great deal in trying to do so. Mary Flannery Oâ⠂¬â„¢Connor wrote about grace and salvation, and has taught me about finding truth; I attribute the lessons she has taught me to, the way she viewed herself, the way others viewed her, her writings, and many other effects. Mary Flannery O’Connor was confident, modest, and honest. She often criticized herself. She once referred to herself as â€Å"prematurely arrogant† in a letter to her friend, Paul Engle. (Fitzgerald 14) â€Å"Flannery described herself as a ‘pigeon-toed only child with a receding chin and a you-leave-me-alone-or-I'll-bite-you complex.’†(Wikipedia) Even with all of her self-critizism, she was self-confident. She was quite arrogant and lead her to write what I believe is her greatest work, â€Å"The Artifical Nigger†. â€Å"What she often described as proably the best thing she would ever write , ‘The Artifical Nigger’ –a story that she contains more than she herself ever understood.†(Fitzgerald xviii) She was witty and quick to tell you exactly what she thought. In O’Connor’s letters she never lied not even to spare the feelings of those she was in correspondence with. She lived a seemly boring life, but was always lively and sharp until the day she died. Many people adored her and she adored them as well,but the person who knew O’Connor best would have to be Sally Fitzgerald. It is though her eyes that I see who the true Mary Flannery O’Connor was. It is clear that even though O’Connor lived a sheltered life she still was a people.

Personal Side of Policing Essay

Stress is a major contributor to burnout in the Law Enforcement field. There can be many contributors to this, but among them are the idea of having to use deadly force against someone or witnessing deadly force being used against a partner or coworker, lack of support from department members and leaders, having family life and traditions disrupted and so forth. Law Enforcement work is not something that can be easily dealt with and easily overcome. An officer has to deal constantly with dangers that aren’t normally faced by other lines of work or other career-paths. Police constantly deal with the dregs of society and because of this, they are forced into situations that aren’t conducive to an easy work and home life. Many resources exist to help officers deal with this stress. Some of these resources can be a strong faith and trust in one’s religion and religious leaders. A strong support system within an officer’s respective department, counseling offered and available to officers once they do undergo a stressful encounter or situation. Such counseling is helpful, but is often placed by the wayside by officers because they feel they are strong enough to handle such situations themselves, without help! It is important for an officer to realize that help, in such situations, is not a bad thing and will not cause others to look down on them. The strongest man (or woman) is the one who realizes that he cannot handle the situation alone and asks for help. An officer needn’t feel he is above asking for help. Often the first thing that will help an officer down the path of healing is that first initial instance when he/she admits to a superior, â€Å"I need help with this!†

Criminals And Their Crimes By Mark Jones - 1640 Words

Mark Jones (2009) has written a book, not only for those seeking a degree in criminal justice, but also for Christians, that has been carefully researched and written with the goal of uncovering 25 Biblical â€Å"criminals† and their crimes. He provides a deep and thought provoking message with each story. In the book, Criminals of the Bible, Jones (2009) begins each lesson with an excerpt of the scriptural reference for the crime being discussed and then gives a short biography of the principle characters before discussing the legal, social, and political definition/context of the crime during the particular era that it took place. Then he goes a step farther by writing about the same crime viewed through today’s modern, legal, social, and political lens, ending each chapter with a lesson that can be learned by the reader. The word â€Å"criminals â€Å" is used loosely in his book because not all the individuals that Jones (2009) writes about were guilty of the crime they were accused of, or the crime committed is not necessarily considered a crime today. For example, Jesus is identified as a criminal in the New Testament for blasphemy; a crime that he did not commit. However, Jones (2009) still includes the infamous criminals Cain and Jezebel, who are indisputably guilty of the crime he and she committed of murder and subornation of perjury. Through Jones’ (2009) writing, he reminds his readers just like the characters illustrated in his book, everyone is not without error andShow MoreRelatedDNA Profiling Essay example1376 Words   |  6 PagesDNA typing has played a major role in the criminal justice system. The law enforcement community uses DNA profiling to rule out or identify suspects. Unlike hair microscopy, bite mark comparisons, shoe print comparisons, and firearm tool mark analysis, DNA typing has been developed through massive scientific research and has undergone meticulous scientific evaluation (Innocence Project) . DNA is a foolproof method of identifying a perpetrator of a crime. Like fingerprints, DNA is unique, withRead MorePolice Legitimacy and Accountability Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pagesto attend to the streets unarmed was employed to reassure the public that the police were not to be feared (Waddington and Wright, 2010). Ultimately, concerns derive from the belief that the police are completely ineffective when dealing with gun crimes (Farrell, 1992: 20). However, whilst arming police with guns can act as a protector when on duty it can also cause an increase in police misconduct. This issue will be discussed throughout this essay. Firstly, it is important to consider that policingRead MoreIs The Technology Behind Forensics Reliable?1654 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology behind Forensics Reliable? The scientific examination of evidence in criminal cases found in a crime scene is called forensic science. Forensic scientists use the same technology, tools and methods used by other scientists doing other types of research, including microscopes, computers, and lasers. As forensic science has advanced over the years, so has the ability to gather evidence and solve crimes. At crime scenes, lasers provide lighting to track blood sample that not visible to theRead MoreRace and its Implications in the Criminal Justice System1008 Words   |  5 Pagesissue within the United States and most predominantly the criminal justice system. Racial tension in America is often thought of as being white versus black, even though that is not in fact the case. African-Americans view the system as favoring whites while trying to keep them at the bottom. While whites claim that the criminal justice system is colorblind, blacks clearly do not feel this way; whites underestimate the racial divide in th e criminal justice system (Bikel, 2005). The highly publicized OJRead MoreThe Process of Criminal Profiling as it Pertains to Serial Killers1224 Words   |  5 PagesThe process of criminal profiling as it pertains to serial killers is extremely interesting and much more common than one would first think. This study deals with the research into the developmental and psychological approaches to serial killers. In the process of studying these offenders, researchers have discovered that crime scene manifestations of behavioral patterns enabled the investigators to discover much about the offender (Jones The Process of Criminal Profiling When Applied To A SerialRead MoreTattoos Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesself-expression in many countries around the world (Sanders, 1988;Stuppy, Armstrong, Casals-Ariet, 1998; Armstrong, Masten, Martin, 2000; FrederickBradley, 2000). Tattoos have been around for years they were once used to identify slaves, seaman, criminals and others who made th eir association to a particular group. Tattoos have always had a negative connotation attached to it. There seemed to be a shift in popularity as Americans seen more and more celebrities sporting tattoos. At one point, tattoosRead MoreEvaluate the usefulness of Marxist theory to our understanding of crime and deviance1201 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluate the usefulness of Marxist theory to our understanding of crime and deviance (40 marks) Synopticity - Crime Deviance sociological theory Marxist explanations of crime and deviance, like their work on other areas like the family and education, rest on an economic and structural analysis of society that sees a class struggle between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. This struggle comprises the attempts by the proletariat to free themselves from the domination of the bourgeoisieRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The Criminal Justice System1307 Words   |  6 Pagesis and how do we define it. According to The Free Dictionary recidivism is defined as â€Å"The behavior of a repeat or habitual criminal.† Juvenile offenders are studied on the re-offense that will occur and it is said that from 70% to 90% of offenders will re-offend. In the light of the criminal justice system and recidivism there is not actual consensus on what a criminal recidivism counts as, for example whether it counts as a repeat probation violation. National data that exist proves that 6 outRead MoreThe Second Amendment Of United Nations Const itution1649 Words   |  7 Pagesfourth amendment is excluded in the criminal proceeding. This amendment is also applicable in the case of electronic search and seizures. Any evidence of crime found on the electronic devices like computers and text messages can also be used by law enforcement. 2. Here is a list of things what law enforcement officers can do while searching a car: A. Perform a search on the suspect without a warrant if they were in â€Å"hot pursuit†, who is fleeing the scene of a crime. B. Law enforcement officers areRead MoreAssess the View That Crime Is Functional1683 Words   |  7 Pagess Assess the view that crime is functional, inevitable and normal. (33 marks) Within the sociological perspectives of crime and deviance, there is one particular approach which argues that crime is functional, inevitable and normal. This sociological perspective, Functionalism, consists of Emile Durkheim’s work on crime and deviance. His main argument was that ‘crime is normal’ and that it is ‘an integral part of all healthy societies’. This perspective views crime and deviance as an inevitable