Epistemology and Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Epistemology and Knowledge Essay Epistemology, or the study of knowledge, requires the scholar analyze the what, how, and why’s of their own knowledge. Asking these questions of themselves is essentially applying that which they have learned. There are different origins of knowledge as conceptualized by philosophers, educators, and scientists. Early philosophers defined knowledge as â€Å"justified true belief† (Cooper, pg. 23). In order for an individual to know something it must be true, he or she must believe it, and the belief in it must be justified or rationally reasonable. Later, early modern philosophers required knowledge to be proven and absolute. The scientific method was employed to provide proof for ideas and beliefs. The means by which knowledge is acquired varies. Feldman cites sources of knowledge as perception, expert testimony, memory, reasoning, and introspection (Feldman, 2003). As an educator, instructing primary age students on a daily basis, I must not only have great insight into what I believe, but I also must have insight into my student’s knowledge as well. Instructors need to know a number of things about their students, such as: Do the students have adequate prior knowledge to understand the new material being presented? Are the students sufficiently motivated to engage in the cognitive tasks required of them? Does the information fit an existing scheme of knowledge or will it require some alteration of current understanding? Understanding what my student know and at what depth they are able to apply that knowledge guides my instruction. My natural curiosity, a natural inclination for question, and a need for answers motivate the search for explanations. Knowledge and wisdom give an understanding of our position, role, and function in the world. Achterbergh and Vriens (2002) stated, â€Å"The role of knowledge in generating appropriate actions is that it serves as a background for articulating possible courses of action (articulation), for judging whether courses of action will yielded the intended result and for using this judgment in selecting among them (selection), for deciding how actions should be implemented and for actually implementing action (implementation)† (pg. 223). Knowledge enables interpretation of experiences, predictions of consequences, and provides the ability to make informed decisions. My own personal epistemology is a product of each of these views. Personal experiences have a major influence on beliefs and should be an acceptable source of knowledge but not the only consideration when acquiring knowledge. There is also a place for the scientific method which offers proven data to base knowledge. For me, knowledge is a product of reasoning (Feldman, 2003). I derive knowledge from information imported through different modes and from various sources, such as personal experiences, advice from experts, and data. These inputs of information are cognitively processed and filtered with the reference to past experience and prior knowledge to become new â€Å"justified true beliefs† (Cooper, ). Thus, knowledge acquisition is a process involving the collection of raw data or information, reasoning, and judgment making. For example, after my students have taken a test, I look at the data, think about the patterns in the data, or the lack of a pattern using prior knowledge and experiences as a filter. Finally, I decide what my next step or strategy will be. Do I need to reteach the subject because the pattern suggests that most of my students did not fully understand the skill or concept? Or do I move on to another more complex skill or concept because my students have proven themselves knowledgeable? It is in this way that I acquire knowledge and apply that knowledge to planning lessons for my students. Many of my colleagues rely solely on the scientific method to make decisions in regards to student learning. They are satisfied with looking at a spreadsheet full of data and believe that it tells the complete story in regards to students. They are also under the assumption that scores derived from a series of multiple choice tests given on a set of skills will reveal if a student has acquired the desired knowledge. Basing grades on these tests is also appropriate. I do not believe that this tells the full story of my student’s knowledge. These tests may demonstrate the ability to regurgitate this knowledge within a certain context, but out of this context this may not be true. I do, however, use this data to help inform many of my decisions, however, I do not make decisions based exclusively on this data. There must be a balance  of reasoning, using my 16 years of experiences and training, as well as raw data tells a more complete story of my student’s knowledge and abilities. I have worked for Porterville Unified School District (PUSD), in Porterville, California, my entire career. PUSD’s vision and mission statements read as follows: â€Å"PUSD students will have the skills and knowledge to be prepared for college and career and to make a positive impact in a dynamic global society. The mission of PUSD is to provide students a dynamic, engaging and effective educational experience that prepares them with the skills to be productive citizens in a global society. † As a result, it is perceived that all students will develop and demonstrate â€Å"critical thinking and problem solving skills; cultural awareness and the ability of collaborate with diverse groups; effective communication skills of listening, speaking and writing; creativity and innovation; leadership, self-management and organizational skills obtained through real world applications and community involvement; (and) the ability to navigate the global world of work and further their education (Porterville, 2012). † Porterville Unified (PUSD) has given explicit expectations for what students should know at the end of their educational career with the district, how students get to these end goals is a little less clear and left to the judgment of the teachers. There are some expectations of teachers and lessons presented to students given by the district. Many professional development hours have been spent on instructing teachers about the specific things that administrators will look for as they do brief observations of classroom instruction. The expectations include teaching explicitly to the essential standards; posting of the essential standard being taught; 80% student engagement during the lesson; display of exemplary work; higher order questioning and thinking skills. Administrators collect this data and share it with grade levels and school wide to help teachers focus on areas that are lacking. Administrator walk-throughs give a quick snap shot of the type of teaching and learning taking place during a lesson and they help to build a holistic picture of the teaching methods and resources being used (Hetzner, 2011). PUSD has placed an emphasis on the strategies needed for effective lessons and, in turn, effective student learning. As a 4th grade teacher for Porterville Unified School District, my task is to create daily lesson plans that serve to guide me as I teach my students. My first step in creating these lessons is to determine my student’s level of prior knowledge. I can accomplish this by looking at formal and informal assessments and data. Observation of this data gives me a better understanding of what my next steps with my student should be. In some cases, I need to go back and reteach skills, while in other cases I can teach my students a new skill. I have to make an informed decision as to what cognitive level I need to teach to next. Awareness of how my students are performing as well as where I need to be as far as pacing and staying on track to get through all the skills needed to be taught within the year are vital to my daily task as a 4th grade teacher. As I compare my personal epistemology with that of my district, I realize that I spend more time assessing data after the lesson has been taught while the district places more emphasis on data collected during a lesson. Both of these approaches are valuable and, in fact, the district does place value on the end result (i. e. State test scores), however, there is little action that can take place after the end of the year data is collected. PUSD has placed and emphasis on good instruction because they see it as the road to a good education, as well as, the skills and goals they have set in the mission and vision statements. Our epistemologies align in that we both rely on the research of experts. I trust, as does PUSD, that the data given by experts is valuable to our own knowledge and it should guide how I teach my students. The district also views its teachers as experts in the field and has given many freedoms in the presentation and uses of resources when teaching students. As I reflect on my school districts focus as compared to me I realize that even though our epistemologies are not exactly aligned we are aligned in our focus of the students. Students come first. That means I will use whichever strategies I need to in order to create effective student learning. Reviewing test scores and planning lessons are vital to student learning, however, I have been so centered on what I am teaching that my students have not been engaged as well as they could be and thus have not learned the subject matters to their full potential. Also, although pacing is important, it should not be of top priority. Top priority should be assessing my students during the lesson and changing strategies, or even the skills being taught, if my students are not engaged. There is no point in plowing through a lesson if the majority of my students are not listening to what is being taught. This new insight will definitely help to drive my instruction and will help make me a more effective teacher. References: Achterbergh,J. , Vriens, D. (May-June 2002). Managing viable knowledge. â€Å"Systems Research and Behavioral Science. † V19i3p223 (19). Cooper, D. E. (Ed. ). (1999). Epistemology: The classic readings. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Feldman R. (2003). Epistemology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hetzner, Amy, 2011. Walk-throughs give school administrators firsthand view of staff in action. JSOnline: Milwaukee, Wisconsin Journal Sentinel. May 14, 2011. Retrieved on November 20, 2012 from: http://www. jsonline. com/news/education/121843078. html Porterville Unified School District, 2012 . PUSD: Vision and mission statements. Retrieved on November 20, 2012 from: http://dnn. portervilleschools. org/dotnetnuke/District/VisionMission. aspx.

A Habit of Being Great: Learning From Flannery O?Connor :: essays research papers fc

â€Å"There she stands, to me, a phoenix risen from her own words: calm, slow, funny, courteous, both modest and very sure of herself, intense, sharply penetrating, devout but never pietistic, downright, occasionally fierce, and honest in a way that restore to honor to the word†, this is how Sally Fitzgerald described her dear friend Mary Flannery O’Connor. (xii) Not to long ago, I read my first Mary Flannery O’Connor story and I came to view Mary Flannery O’Connor as an artist whose key subject was grace, but what are these stories, these works of art truly about, what is Flannery O’ Connor trying to tell the readers. In order to interpret a story though the eyes of an author like Flannery O’Connor you must first look through the eyes of the author. You must see what he/she sees. It would be arrogant to believe that a person can truly understand another by studying them, but I have learned a great deal in trying to do so. Mary Flannery Oâ⠂¬â„¢Connor wrote about grace and salvation, and has taught me about finding truth; I attribute the lessons she has taught me to, the way she viewed herself, the way others viewed her, her writings, and many other effects. Mary Flannery O’Connor was confident, modest, and honest. She often criticized herself. She once referred to herself as â€Å"prematurely arrogant† in a letter to her friend, Paul Engle. (Fitzgerald 14) â€Å"Flannery described herself as a ‘pigeon-toed only child with a receding chin and a you-leave-me-alone-or-I'll-bite-you complex.’†(Wikipedia) Even with all of her self-critizism, she was self-confident. She was quite arrogant and lead her to write what I believe is her greatest work, â€Å"The Artifical Nigger†. â€Å"What she often described as proably the best thing she would ever write , ‘The Artifical Nigger’ –a story that she contains more than she herself ever understood.†(Fitzgerald xviii) She was witty and quick to tell you exactly what she thought. In O’Connor’s letters she never lied not even to spare the feelings of those she was in correspondence with. She lived a seemly boring life, but was always lively and sharp until the day she died. Many people adored her and she adored them as well,but the person who knew O’Connor best would have to be Sally Fitzgerald. It is though her eyes that I see who the true Mary Flannery O’Connor was. It is clear that even though O’Connor lived a sheltered life she still was a people.

Personal Side of Policing Essay

Stress is a major contributor to burnout in the Law Enforcement field. There can be many contributors to this, but among them are the idea of having to use deadly force against someone or witnessing deadly force being used against a partner or coworker, lack of support from department members and leaders, having family life and traditions disrupted and so forth. Law Enforcement work is not something that can be easily dealt with and easily overcome. An officer has to deal constantly with dangers that aren’t normally faced by other lines of work or other career-paths. Police constantly deal with the dregs of society and because of this, they are forced into situations that aren’t conducive to an easy work and home life. Many resources exist to help officers deal with this stress. Some of these resources can be a strong faith and trust in one’s religion and religious leaders. A strong support system within an officer’s respective department, counseling offered and available to officers once they do undergo a stressful encounter or situation. Such counseling is helpful, but is often placed by the wayside by officers because they feel they are strong enough to handle such situations themselves, without help! It is important for an officer to realize that help, in such situations, is not a bad thing and will not cause others to look down on them. The strongest man (or woman) is the one who realizes that he cannot handle the situation alone and asks for help. An officer needn’t feel he is above asking for help. Often the first thing that will help an officer down the path of healing is that first initial instance when he/she admits to a superior, â€Å"I need help with this!†

Criminals And Their Crimes By Mark Jones - 1640 Words

Mark Jones (2009) has written a book, not only for those seeking a degree in criminal justice, but also for Christians, that has been carefully researched and written with the goal of uncovering 25 Biblical â€Å"criminals† and their crimes. He provides a deep and thought provoking message with each story. In the book, Criminals of the Bible, Jones (2009) begins each lesson with an excerpt of the scriptural reference for the crime being discussed and then gives a short biography of the principle characters before discussing the legal, social, and political definition/context of the crime during the particular era that it took place. Then he goes a step farther by writing about the same crime viewed through today’s modern, legal, social, and political lens, ending each chapter with a lesson that can be learned by the reader. The word â€Å"criminals â€Å" is used loosely in his book because not all the individuals that Jones (2009) writes about were guilty of the crime they were accused of, or the crime committed is not necessarily considered a crime today. For example, Jesus is identified as a criminal in the New Testament for blasphemy; a crime that he did not commit. However, Jones (2009) still includes the infamous criminals Cain and Jezebel, who are indisputably guilty of the crime he and she committed of murder and subornation of perjury. Through Jones’ (2009) writing, he reminds his readers just like the characters illustrated in his book, everyone is not without error andShow MoreRelatedDNA Profiling Essay example1376 Words   |  6 PagesDNA typing has played a major role in the criminal justice system. The law enforcement community uses DNA profiling to rule out or identify suspects. Unlike hair microscopy, bite mark comparisons, shoe print comparisons, and firearm tool mark analysis, DNA typing has been developed through massive scientific research and has undergone meticulous scientific evaluation (Innocence Project) . DNA is a foolproof method of identifying a perpetrator of a crime. Like fingerprints, DNA is unique, withRead MorePolice Legitimacy and Accountability Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pagesto attend to the streets unarmed was employed to reassure the public that the police were not to be feared (Waddington and Wright, 2010). Ultimately, concerns derive from the belief that the police are completely ineffective when dealing with gun crimes (Farrell, 1992: 20). However, whilst arming police with guns can act as a protector when on duty it can also cause an increase in police misconduct. This issue will be discussed throughout this essay. 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In the process of studying these offenders, researchers have discovered that crime scene manifestations of behavioral patterns enabled the investigators to discover much about the offender (Jones The Process of Criminal Profiling When Applied To A SerialRead MoreTattoos Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesself-expression in many countries around the world (Sanders, 1988;Stuppy, Armstrong, Casals-Ariet, 1998; Armstrong, Masten, Martin, 2000; FrederickBradley, 2000). Tattoos have been around for years they were once used to identify slaves, seaman, criminals and others who made th eir association to a particular group. Tattoos have always had a negative connotation attached to it. There seemed to be a shift in popularity as Americans seen more and more celebrities sporting tattoos. 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(33 marks) Within the sociological perspectives of crime and deviance, there is one particular approach which argues that crime is functional, inevitable and normal. This sociological perspective, Functionalism, consists of Emile Durkheim’s work on crime and deviance. His main argument was that ‘crime is normal’ and that it is ‘an integral part of all healthy societies’. This perspective views crime and deviance as an inevitable

Fashion Design - 989 Words

Jarrett Evans Mrs. Johnson English III – P.7 14 May 2013 Dripping Swag My research paper is over the career of Fashion Design. I chose this topic, because I have always had a desire to one day have my own clothing line and see other people support me by wearing my creations. Also because I like to mix different articles of clothing and create my own unique style to go out and express to the world. This paper will highlight the details about a fashion designer, like what type of education you need, skills required, the work environment, and their salaries. Fashion Design is a career where people express and use their creative ideas to create the best clothing on the market. For many of years the practice of changing the style†¦show more content†¦Designers put so much work into their clothing. But most people don’t even recognize how much detail or even what kind of material the designer uses to create the article. Often time’s people just buy a certain piece of clothing because it’s what everybody else is wear ing and it’s the new fad, they really don’t respect the time and effort the designer has put into the design, even more so they buy them just for the label associated with the article of the clothing. All these things you have to understand and try to master to become successful. Fashion Designing is a very cutthroat and limited job, so there isn’t much room for new designers to get hired. One article states that, â€Å"The fashion design world is highly competitive, so its somewhat difficult, though certainly not impossible, to break into the field. In general, there are more aspiring fashion designers than there are available jobs in the field†. (Vogt, Peter. Fashion Designer.). Employment rates are not very high, so you have to be on top of your game. According to (Vogt. Peter â€Å"fashion Design†) about 17,000 people worked as Fashion Designers in the United States in 2004, and now today approximately 22,700 fashion designers are employed in the United States. (â€Å"Fashion Designers†). So there is not much change in the employment rate over the years. A person who is willing to work day in and day night and work countlessShow MoreRelatedCounterfeiting And Piracy Of Fashion Design977 Words   |  4 PagesCounterfeiting and piracy of fashion design are illegal, unethical, takes legitimate profits away from the company, and is not safe. Counterfeiting and Piracy are nearly considered a $450 billion dollar industry (do the right thing, n.d.). It includes selling, producing, and using â€Å"fake† or â€Å"knockoff† fashion designs and passing them as authentic without rightful permission. When buyers knowingly buy counterfeited goods. They only consider the cheaper price and luxurious look of the mocked productRead MoreEssay on Having a Career in Fashion Design1260 Words   |  6 PagesHaving a Career in Fashion Design The fashion design career, has recently emerged as one of the most popular and competitive among young people. Those who actually succeed in design have a very individualistic personal style and don’t follow trends set by others. Having fashion design as your profession sometimes allows you to meet glamorous people. It can also put you in charge of what is in and out when it comes to clothing through ramp shows and fashion write-ups. Most designers have aRead MoreFashion Design Piracy Essay1005 Words   |  5 Pages One of the biggest driving forces in the fashion industry nowadays is the continuous introduction of new trends and the opportunity for designers to display their creativity. So, when that individuality is stolen or copied from a designer, it can produce uneasy consequences. Known as â€Å"design piracy†, this widespread reproduction of designs has actually been around for decades. Not much has been done at a federal level to prevent the moral and economic repercussions that stem from it. However, despiteRead MoreFashion Design Is The Top Of Your Head, Right?1384 Words   |  6 PagesWithout fashion designers, we would all be naked. Do you know what it takes to become a fashion designer? You can probably name a good 10 designers of the top of your head, right? Now, think about how many people are in college at FIDM or the NY School of Fashion, or the many other schools that fashion designers strive to go to, thousands of people. The fashion industry is one of the most competi tive businesses out there. It is said that, â€Å"while fashion designers must be creative, they also needRead MoreCareers of Design: Interior and Fashion Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesfit their jobs into certain categories, such as medical, legal, or labor, and yet there are still many professions that fit into a different type of category: Fine Arts. Fine Arts is an unique category in which two special occupations fall into: a fashion designer and an interior designer. Fine Arts is a unique category that some adults’ jobs fit into. Fine Arts employs a majority of people who are artistic and are creative. However, not all the employed enjoy the Arts; some of the careers are simplisticRead MoreFashion Marketing And Its Impact On Consumer s Design Preferences Essay2152 Words   |  9 Pagesto the market. (Oxford English Dictionary) Fashion Marketing differs from the marketing of other goods because of the uniqueness of the merchandise. â€Å"According to the Parson’s School of Design, fashion marketing is the process of analyzing, developing, and marketing current fashion trends into sales strategies.† (IJMBT) In fashion marketing, consumers are the creators by virtue of their adoption and rejection of new trends and styles. Furthermore, fashion is integral to the construction and communicationRead MoreFashion Thinking : Creative Approaches For The Design Process2170 Words   |  9 PagesThe following text is the design stateme nt for my 2017 Autumn/Winter collection for my third year in the Bachelor Degree in Fashion Design. I will be describing my design process as per Fiona Diffenbacher’s theory and give a summary of how I arrived at my chosen theme and designs. I will also describe the inspirations that lead to my chosen concept and why I was drawn to the theme. 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The definition of globalisation is quite complex and extremely controversial. However globalization with reference to the fashion industry helps defines the development of what has been termed as „world fashion‟. Preferred garments of young people is quite often the same. A phenomenon made possible by the exploitative mechanisms of globalization. The globalizationRead MoreHow Textiles And Fashion Designers Have Contributed And Approached Fundamental Issues Within Ecological Design1414 Words   |  6 Pageson how textiles and fashion designers have contributed and approached fundamental issues within ecological design. INTRODUCTION Ecological design is the sole responsibility of innovation and the creativity of products and objects that will sustain our society and future societies. It is critical that we change the way sustainable design is perceived and interpreted, by beginning to develop an understanding of the history and journey from ‘Green design’ into ‘Sustainable design’ as well as looking

Causes of Junvenile Delinquency - 2264 Words

Causes of Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Aim This report aims to explore the relationship between juvenile delinquency and poor parenting and their failure to teach norms and values. It will also address other aspects of influence, including; peer pressure, mass media, poverty and the actions of the juvenile justice system. Theory Through this report, the following theory will be tested; â€Å"There is a link between juvenile delinquency, poor parenting and their failure to teach norms and values.† Literature Review It is commonly acknowledged that crime ‘is an act of which breaks the criminal law of society’. Juvenile delinquency, also known as youth crime, ‘is the participation in illegal behaviour by a minor’. Crime is committed due†¦show more content†¦This suggests why some sociologists may believe that juveniles with parents have little control over violent behavior and who learn violence from aggressive peers, tend to participate in violent crime themselves. Albert K. Cohen’s theory of why crime and deviance occurs has been regarded as a structural perspective and suggests that the social structure within society dictates the behaviour of an individual. Cohen conducted a study in 1955, of the development of the delinquent subculture and why it exists. His study gives an insight into why some juveniles digress from the norm and values that generally accepted in society. Cohen found that delinquency was more dominant in males living in lower class sectors of society and his most common conclusion for this was their involvement in ‘juvenile gangs’. For Marxists, the state, which makes the law, represents the interests of the ruling class. Marxists regard the law is an instrument of the state, used to control the existing social order and believe that, while some laws protect us all, they do not protect us all equally. Much police behaviour seems most easily explained when one considers that whenever there is a conflict of interests between the dominant classes in a society and lessShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder On Juvenile Delinquency2100 Words   |  9 PagesEFFECTS OF ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN BOYS ADHD is an abbreviation for attention deficit/hyper activity disorder. It is commonly referred to as a psychiatric disorder in need of therapy. The origination of the disease is in the neuro-physiological brain construct, and the main cause of the disorder is considered to be genetic (Wilson, 2012). Many children with ADHD struggle with impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention (Unnever, Cullen, Pratt, 2003).

Business & Government in Global Context †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Government in Global Context . Answer: Introduction The report presents a brief overview of the journal article The business strategy and environment which was written by Rory Sullivan and Andy Gouldson. It explains that how corporate governance plays a significant role in the internal management and external governance pressure. Corporate governance The business strategy and environment journal article have been selected for summarization of this report. It was written by Rory Sullivan and Andy Gouldson. The article explains that how governments, investors, large companies, and nongovernment organizations adopt a range of carbon and power management practices and it also explains that what actions they take to reduce the green house emissions. The article emphasizes the significance of external governance force, internal governance situations and the stage and structure between internal and external government. It ensures that internal government, environment changes, external pressures and commercial actions interact and influence to each other (Crane et al, 2008). The article gives a brief overview of the importance of diverse force and situations as a key determinant of their power and aptitude which influence the behavior of corporate governance (Brealey et al, 2012). It explains that how potential affect the internal government situations and external corporate governance force. The external government force influence and affects internal management process and association policies and actions. Therefore some important decisions are taken by the companies so it requires funds investment. The companies will invest money in case of financial crisis. The external government anxiety force to the organization to take a decision and sometimes companies also cross the boundaries of business (Tricker Tricker, 2015). In corporations, old governance situations power was focused in the state; it is also called articulation of power. In new governance situation, power is circulated in wider networks with the help of several actors with various capacities and diversity. Internal management of the company and external management play a significant role in the governance of the corporation. In internal management, corporate governance refers to rules, policies, and regulations that determine how the company is controlled and directed by these rules and policies. In internal governance, decisions are taken by the shareholders and board of directors. Corporate governance refers to control and solution of problems and it also controls behavior for increasing shareholders value from commercial activities (Larcker Tayan, 2015). Further, business activities can also be managed by the culture and values which dominate the organization and several departments of the organization. These culture and values are responsible for different forces and opportunities of the company. These culture and values are used by leaders and managers of the company for setting up mission, vision, and code of conduct (Bainbridge, 2012). The main object of corporate governance is to facilitate excellent, successful and prudent management for achievement of long term goals and objectives of the company. The report focuses on the international retailers like U.K, Japan, Germany, and France, US, Australia and they all play a significant role in capital investment. Corporate governance plays important role in changing ownership framework, growing number of scam, globalization, merger, and acquisition. The good corporate governance ensures the success and growth and it helps to eliminate corruption, wastage and risk management. It build s and enhances investors confidence as a result of this it will increase the capital of the company (Aras, 2016). Conclusion Now it is concluded that corporate governance plays a vital role in the internal management and external governance pressure and it is also important for corporate success and economic growth. References Aras, G., 2016.A handbook of corporate governance and social responsibility. CRC Press. Crane, A., Matten, D., Moon, J. and Moon, J., 2008.Corporations and citizenship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Larcker, D. and Tayan, B., 2015.Corporate governance matters: A closer look at organizational choices and their consequences. Pearson Education. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Bainbridge, S.M., 2012.Corporate governance after the financial crisis. Oxford University Press. Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C., Allen, F. Mohanty, P., 2012.Principles of corporate finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.